Storage Benchmark Considerations

Storage benchmarks can be classified into three main categories, each of which serves a different purpose.

Application Benchmarks

Application benchmarks involve real programs and measures performance as perceived by the user. As compared to other benchmark types, a well-designed application benchmark provides the best assessment of overall system performance.  In principle, there's nothing really storage-specific here: you can pick any one component to swap out while holding the rest of the system configuration constant, and end up with a valid test.

An application benchmark can be as simple as performing a common task (eg. booting the OS, launching a game) while using a stopwatch. But that kind of testing is labor-intensive and error-prone. A good suite of automated application benchmarks is a lot of work to assemble. Well-known application benchmark suites include UL's PCMark and BapCo's SYSmark, which represent relatively light desktop usage. The tests don't occupy much disk space and don't perform all that much IO in aggregate. They are also almost completely devoid of the kinds of bursts of intense IO that are where fast storage pays off. As a result, these tests show very little difference in overall scores between the fastest and slowest storage configurations. This is an accurate assessment, but only for the kinds of storage-light workloads represented by these tests.

Additionally, application benchmarks have a fundamental limitation: they tell you almost nothing about why one drive ends up performing better or worse than another. This makes it impossible to reliably extrapolate application benchmark scores to dissimilar workloads. PCMark and SYSmark scores can't help you predict how your system will perform when you start launching lots of virtual machines and filling up the drive.

IO Traces

Storage IO traces are a live recording of the read and write operations performed by a real-world workload. Every read and write operation is logged along with its timestamp, the size of the data transfer and the disk sectors involved. This can add up to quite a bit of data, even when the contents of the data transfers are not logged (ie. the trace only specifies that a 1MB write was performed, but doesn't actually save a copy of that MB of data). IO traces can be analyzed in depth after the fact to see what kind of queue depths were involved, how much IO was sequential vs random, etc. Statistics can also be computed for a subset of the IO operations logged, such as analyzing read operations and write operations separately.

Recorded IO traces can also be played back, replicating the original IO patterns in a highly repeatable manner, and without needing to re-run the applications that originally generated the IO workload. This takes CPU, RAM, and GPU speed largely out of the equation, so it's easier to compare storage performance across different machines. Benchmarks built around storage trace playback focus specifically on storage performance rather than overall system performance/responsiveness, so their scores can exaggerate the performance differences between hardware configurations, as compared to using metrics that measure overall system performance.

Since trace-based storage benchmarks allow a much greater depth of analysis than application benchmark scores, they can provide insight into what specific performance characteristics enable one drive to provide better application-level performance than another.

Synthetic Benchmarks

Lastly, synthetic benchmarks for storage consist of IO patterns generated and measured by special-purpose tools: for example, using CrystalDiskMark to measure 4kB random read performance at a particular queue depth. In one sense, these test are the simplest to describe and understand (at least if the test configuration is relatively simple). However, their relevance to the real world is not so simple. It's easy to configure a synthetic benchmark that is reliable, repeatable, and says nothing useful about real-world performance. This is done deliberately by PR departments, but can also happen accidentally. And changes in SSD technology can make formerly-useful synthetic tests invalid for use on newer drives. On the other hand, sometimes we can use deliberately unrealistic synthetic tests to infer things about the internal workings of a SSD. It's also theoretically possible to configure a synthetic test to generate a workload that statistically resembles real-world IO patterns, with a varied mix of IO sizes, queue depths, and idle times—but it's usually easier to use a trace-based benchmark for this purpose.

Operating Systems

At least until Microsoft delivers DirectStorage for Windows, Linux is the best OS choice for pushing the performance limits of storage hardware with low software overhead. But more importantly, Linux offers much greater transparency and control over hardware, which is what allows us to perform highly automated testing including trying out all the different power management options supported (or not) by SSDs. The synthetic benchmarks in this test suite are all conducted using the Flexible I/O tester (Fio) version 3.25 running on Linux. This tool is very deserving of its name: the dizzying array of options allows it to be used to test all kinds of IO patterns, and this test suite only scratches the surface of what's possible.

Our trace-based tests (AnandTech Storage Bench, and PCMark 10's Storage tests) are Windows-based tests, and any application benchmarks that we make a regular part of our test suite will also be Windows-based. We're using Windows 10 version 20H2.

Testbed Hardware

Most of our new SSD test suite makes use of an AMD Ryzen-based desktop with relatively moderate specs, but providing the PCIe 4.0 support necessary for the latest generation of NVMe SSDs. Our synthetic and trace-based don't require much compute power, so this system gets away with a 6-core processor, B550 chipset, and no GPU—leaving both the PCIe x16 and M.2 slots connected directly to the CPU available for testing at PCIe 4.0 speeds. The boot drive is a Samsung 960 PRO in the M.2 slot that is connected through the B550 chipset and therefore limited to PCIe 3.0 speeds.

AnandTech 2021 Consumer SSD Testbed
CPU AMD Ryzen 5 3600X
Motherboard ASRock B550 Pro
BIOS L1.42
Memory 2x 16GB Kingston DDR4-3200
Software Linux 5.10, FIO 3.25
Windows 10 version 20H2

 

We also have a more high-end Ryzen desktop, provided by Western Digital along with their SN850 SSD. This one uses AMD's 16-core Ryzen 9 3950X, slightly faster RAM, and includes a Radeon RX 580 GPU. Our plan is to use this system for application benchmarks like PCMark 10 and SYSmark 25, but at the moment we are unable to get either one of those tests to reliably run to completion on this system when using recent builds of Windows 10. Once we can find a stable and reasonably up-to-date software and driver configuration for this system, we'll also try using it for some game loading time benchmarks. This system is also planned to be our new enterprise SSD testbed, taking over from our dual-socket Intel Skylake 2U server which is still overkill for most of our storage tests, but lacks PCIe 4.0 support.

AnandTech 2021 Consumer SSD Testbed - Application Benchmarks
CPU AMD Ryzen 9 3950X
Motherboard ASUS ROG Crosshair VIII Hero
Memory 2x 16GB Mushkin DDR4-3600
GPU AMD Radeon RX 580 8GB (XFX)

 

Neither of our new Ryzen testbeds is capable of using the lowest-power PCIe Active State Power Management (ASPM) modes that laptops rely on, so our idle power measurement tests remain on an older Intel Coffee Lake desktop, updated with the latest software, firmware and microcode.

Coffee Lake SSD Testbed for Idle Power
CPU Intel Core i7-8700K
Motherboard Gigabyte Aorus H370 Gaming 3 WiFi
BIOS F14d
Memory 2x 8GB Kingston DDR4-2666
Software Linux 5.10, FIO 3.25

 

Almost all components of these testbeds are run of the mill desktop hardware. To measure power consumption of individual drives, we also have some highly specialized equipment provided by Quarch Technology. Their HD Programmable Power Module is a power supply that provides simultaneous measurement of voltage and current on its 12V and 5/3.3V supply rails, with readings taken every 4 microseconds. The HD PPM is a bit larger than an optical disc drive, and feeds power to the SSD under test using any of several different power injection fixtures.

Quarch has also recently introduced the Power Analysis Module (PAM). This moves the measurement hardware (ADCs, etc.) onto the form factor-specific fixture itself, and relies on the host system to power the drive instead of the PAM serving as a power supply. We still get the same high-precision measurements, but the PAM is now a much smaller fanless box that just handles translation and buffering of the data stream.

The Challenges of SSD Benchmarking Trace Tests: AnandTech Storage Bench and PCMark 10
Comments Locked

70 Comments

View All Comments

  • Billy Tallis - Monday, February 1, 2021 - link

    I set up the testbed with an old 5450 I had lying around, and once all the software was configured I pulled the GPU back out. (That ancient GPU interferes with suspend, which is needed to unlock drives so they can be secure erased.) The system boots without complaint with no GPU, and I use SSH and RDP to run the tests. I'm keeping the 580 in the other system for now because I want to work on getting some application or gaming tests working on that machine when I have spare time.
  • Billy Tallis - Monday, February 1, 2021 - link

    I should mention that I have had a bit of trouble booting the ASRock B550 Pro motherboard, because it seems to have half-assed UEFI boot support. The motherboard will forget its boot settings at the slightest provocation, and when that happens it will search for and boot the first Windows it can find. It refuses to detect a Linux bootloader on an internal drive, even if it's in the canonical EFI/Boot/bootx64.efi location on the ESP. So any time this machine decides to forget its boot settings, I have to plug in a GPU and keyboard and boot a Linux off a USB device to re-create the UEFI boot entry for grub.
  • DominionSeraph - Monday, February 1, 2021 - link

    This is the power of AMD.
  • Billy Tallis - Monday, February 1, 2021 - link

    On the other hand, I was quite surprised to discover that a quad M.2 riser works on this board. Intel would never let PCIe bifurcation be enabled on an entry-level motherboard.
  • Slash3 - Wednesday, February 3, 2021 - link

    Asus actually bundles a quad NVMe M.2 adapter with their Strix B550-XE, for some absolutely baffling reason. I tried asking the Asus technical marketing rep on Reddit why they did this, but he didn't understand the question. What a weird friggin decision.

    https://rog.asus.com/us/motherboards/rog-strix/rog...
  • frbeckenbauer - Tuesday, February 2, 2021 - link

    I have had the same issue on my old ASRock intel board, on my current MSI AMD board, on my Intel laptop, and on my AMD laptop. People really like writing UEFIs that just randomly boot a windows they find for no reason
  • kepstin - Tuesday, February 2, 2021 - link

    I've seen a few AMD boards that have bios options to enable headless operation - basically, setting that option disables the post check for the graphics card. If you're running in native UEFI mode and your operating system doesn't require a GPU, it'll work fine.
  • Makaveli - Monday, February 1, 2021 - link

    This was a great article thank you Billy!
  • WaltC - Monday, February 1, 2021 - link

    Nice write up...;) Seems rather unsurprising that the two PCIe4 drives running in PCIe4 mode (I gather from the test hardware described) were the best overall performing in your tests. Although you described the PCIe/SATA interfaces of most of the drives--I wasn't clear on the Mushkin or the MP400. Also, a more thorough description of the drivers employed would help--open source or proprietary, etc. Linux distro tests, however, would seem to me to be of somewhat less "practical" value than Win10 tests--considering that Win10 is where the overwhelming bulk of these drives will be deployed by the consumers who buy them, I would think. Overall, it's nice to see changes here in AT's testing methodology!
  • evilspoons - Monday, February 1, 2021 - link

    Nice to see another substantial benchmark upgrade, keeping up with this stuff can be mind-boggling at times.

    The article could use someproofreading though. Even just the first paragraph:
    "on accident" -> by accident
    "holy unified metric" -> wholly-unified metric

    Unless religion is somehow involved in benchmarking SSDs 😉

Log in

Don't have an account? Sign up now